Glossary
Stiffening
The criteria concerning the design of supporting structures are independent from the construction method. The criteria mentioned below apply to brickwork construction, steel construction and timber construction. As far as spatial systems are concerned, the supporting elements have to provide for a minimum stiffness in all three directions (x-, y- and z-axles). This stiffness is necessary in order to transfer external loads such as earthquake- or wind loads. On the other hand it is necessary to back up interior mountings, so that they do not bend or buckle.
Construction of Stiffening:
It is important, that exterior loads are transferred into the building ground. With regard to interior loads this won't be necessary, if the interior loads can be balanced within the structure.
In order to transfer horizontal loads in three-dimensional constructions, horizontal and vertical stiffening elements are necessary.
Horizontal Stiffening:
Bracings and plates can be described as horizontal stiffening. As far as structural timber engineering is concerned, timber roof plates and decking are principally used. In general, bracings are not used for the construction of timber houses.
Vertical Stiffening:
Plates, bracings, frameworks and fixities can be described as vertical stiffening. With regard to timber frame constructions, (wall-) plates consisting of structural composite timber and timber slabs are usually applied.
If walls are used as vertical stiffening, they have to be completed and tied accordingly. It is of utmost importance that the nature and number of the connecting elements as well as the material properties of the timber slabs and the traction anchors of the wall plates are considered carefully during the planning and construction process. Necessary openings such as windows or doors may have an influence on the stiffening.
